|
Nanchang Dialect Phonology
??????
by James Campbell
Here is a table of the sounds found in Nanchang Gan.
The onsets and rhymes are listed below.
Onsets:
| p | p? | b | m | f
| | t | t? | l
| | ts | ts? | s
| | t? | t?? | ? | ?
| | k | k? | ? | h
| | ?
|
Rhymes:
| ? | i | u | y
| | a | ia | ua
| | o | uo
| | e | ie | ue | ye
| | ?
| | m? | n ? | ??
| | ai | uai
| | oi | ei
| | ?i | ui
| | au
| | ?u | i?u
| | ?u | iu
| | an | uan
| | on | uon | yon
| | ?n | i?n
| | ?n | in | un | yn
| | a? | ia? | ua?
| | ?? | i?? | u??
| | u? | iu?
| | at | uat
| | ot | uot | yot
| | ?t | i?t | u?t
| | ?t | it | ut | yt
| | a? | ia? | ua?
| | ?? | i?? | u??
| | u? | iu?
|
|
| ?
| i
| u
| y
| a
| ia
| ua
| o
| uo
| e
| ie
| ue
| ye
| ɵ
| m
| n
| ŋ
| ai
| uai
| ɨi
| ui
| au
| ɛu
| iɛu
| ɨu
| iu
|
| p
|
| pi
| pu
|
| pa
|
|
| po
|
|
| pie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pai
|
|
|
| pau
|
| piɛu
|
|
|
| pʰ
|
| pʰi
| pʰu
|
| pʰa
|
|
| pʰo
|
|
| pʰie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pʰai
|
|
|
| pʰau
|
| pʰiɛu
|
|
|
| m
|
| mi
| mu
|
| ma
|
|
| mo
|
|
| mie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| mai
|
|
|
| mau
| mɛu
| miɛu
|
|
|
| f
|
|
| fu
|
| fa
|
|
| fo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| fai
|
| fɨi
|
|
| fɛu
|
|
|
|
| t
|
| ti
| tu
|
| ta
| tia
|
| to
|
| te
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tai
|
|
| tui
| tau
| tɛu
| tiɛu
|
| tiu
|
| tʰ
|
| tʰi
| tʰu
|
| tʰa
| tʰia
|
| tʰo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tʰai
|
|
| tʰui
| tʰau
| tʰɛu
| tʰiɛu
|
|
|
| l
|
| li
| lu
|
| la
| lia
|
| lo
|
|
| lie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| lai
|
|
| lui
| lau
| lɛu
| liɛu
|
| liu
|
| ts
| ts?
|
| tsu
|
| tsa
|
|
| tso
| tsuo
| tse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tsai
|
|
| tsui
| tsau
| tsɛu
|
| tsɨu
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰ?
|
| tsʰu
|
| tsʰa
|
|
| tsʰo
| tsʰuo
| tsʰe
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tsʰai
|
|
| tsʰui
| tsʰau
| tsʰɛu
|
| tsʰɨu
|
|
| s
| s?
|
| su
|
| sa
|
|
| so
|
| se
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| sai
|
|
| sui
| sau
| sɛu
|
| sɨu
|
|
| tɕ
|
| tɕi
|
| tɕy
|
| tɕia
|
|
|
| tɕe
| tɕie
|
| tɕye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕiɛu
|
| tɕiu
|
| tɕʰ
|
| tɕʰi
|
| tɕʰy
|
| tɕʰia
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰie
|
| tɕʰye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰiɛu
|
| tɕʰiu
|
| ɲ
|
| ɲi
|
| ɲy
|
| ɲia
|
|
|
|
| ɲie
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɛu
|
| ɲiu
|
| ɕ
|
| ɕi
|
| ɕy
|
| ɕia
|
|
|
|
| ɕie
|
| ɕye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɕiɛu
|
| ɕiu
|
| k
|
|
| ku
|
| ka
|
| kua
| ko
| kuo
|
| kie
| kue
|
|
|
|
|
| kai
| kuai
|
| kui
| kau
|
| kiɛu
|
|
|
| kʰ
|
|
| kʰu
|
| kʰa
|
| kʰua
| kʰo
| kʰuo
|
| kʰie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kʰai
| kʰuai
|
| kʰui
| kʰau
|
| kʰiɛu
|
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|
|
| ŋa
|
|
| ŋo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ŋai
|
|
|
| ŋau
|
| ŋiɛu
|
|
|
| h
|
|
|
|
| ha
|
|
| ho
|
| he
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hai
|
|
|
| au
| hɛu
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| i
| u
| y
|
| ia
| ua
|
| uo
|
| ie
|
| ye
| ɵ
| m
| n
| ŋ
|
| uai
|
| ui
|
|
| iɛu
|
| iu
|
|
| an
| uan
| on
| uon
| yon
| ɛn
| iɛn
| ɨn
| in
| un
| yn
| aŋ
| iaŋ
| uaŋ
| ɔŋ
| iɔŋ
| uɔŋ
| uŋ
| iuŋ
|
| p
| pan
|
| pon
|
|
| pɛn
| piɛn
| pɨn
| pin
|
|
| paŋ
| piaŋ
|
| pɔŋ
|
|
| puŋ
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰan
|
| pʰon
|
|
| pʰɛn
| pʰiɛn
| pʰɨn
| pʰin
|
|
| pʰaŋ
| pʰiaŋ
|
| pʰɔŋ
|
|
| pʰuŋ
|
|
| m
| man
|
| mon
|
|
| mɛn
| miɛn
| mɨn
| min
|
|
| maŋ
| miaŋ
|
| mɔŋ
|
|
| muŋ
|
|
| f
| fan
|
| fon
|
|
| fɛn
|
| fɨn
|
|
|
| faŋ
|
|
| fɔŋ
|
|
| fuŋ
|
|
| t
| tan
|
| ton
|
|
| tɛn
| tiɛn
| tɨn
| tin
|
|
|
| tiaŋ
|
| tɔŋ
|
|
| tuŋ
|
|
| tʰ
| tʰan
|
| tʰon
|
|
| tʰɛn
| tʰiɛn
| tʰɨn
| tʰin
|
|
|
| tʰiaŋ
|
| tʰɔŋ
|
|
| tʰuŋ
|
|
| l
| lan
|
| lon
|
|
| lɛn
| liɛn
| lɨn
| lin
|
|
| laŋ
| liaŋ
|
| lɔŋ
| liɔŋ
|
| luŋ
|
|
| ts
| tsan
|
| tson
|
|
| tsɛn
|
| tsɨn
|
| tsun
|
| tsaŋ
|
|
| tsɔŋ
|
|
| tsuŋ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰan
|
| tsʰon
|
|
| tsʰɛn
|
| tsʰɨn
|
| tsʰun
|
| tsʰaŋ
|
|
| tsʰɔŋ
|
|
| tsʰuŋ
|
|
| s
| san
|
| son
|
|
| sɛn
|
| sɨn
|
| sun
|
| saŋ
|
|
| sɔŋ
|
|
| suŋ
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
|
| tɕyon
|
| tɕiɛn
|
| tɕin
|
| tɕyn
|
| tɕiaŋ
|
|
| tɕiɔŋ
|
|
| tɕiuŋ
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰyon
|
| tɕʰiɛn
|
| tɕʰin
|
| tɕʰyn
|
| tɕʰiaŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiɔŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiuŋ
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
| ɲyon
|
| ɲiɛn
|
| ɲin
|
| ɲyn
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɔŋ
|
|
|
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
|
| ɕyon
|
| ɕiɛn
|
| ɕin
|
| ɕyn
|
| ɕiaŋ
|
|
| ɕiɔŋ
|
|
| ɕiuŋ
|
| k
| kan
| kuan
| kon
| kuon
|
|
| kiɛn
|
|
| kun
|
| kaŋ
|
| kuaŋ
| kɔŋ
|
| kuɔŋ
| kuŋ
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰan
|
| kʰon
| kʰuon
|
|
| kʰiɛn
|
|
| kʰun
|
| kʰaŋ
|
| kʰuaŋ
| kʰɔŋ
|
| kʰuɔŋ
| kʰuŋ
|
|
| ŋ
| ŋan
|
| ŋon
|
|
|
| ŋiɛn
|
|
|
|
| ŋaŋ
|
|
| ŋɔŋ
|
|
|
|
|
| h
| han
|
| hon
|
|
| hɛn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hɔŋ
|
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| uan
|
| uon
| yon
|
| iɛn
|
| in
| un
| yn
|
| iaŋ
| uaŋ
|
| iɔŋ
| uɔŋ
| uŋ
| iuŋ
|
|
| at
| uat
| ot
| uot
| yot
| ɛt
| iɛt
| uɛt
| ɨt
| it
| ut
| yt
| aʔ
| iaʔ
| uaʔ
| ɔʔ
| iɔʔ
| uɔʔ
| uʔ
| iuʔ
|
| p
| pat
|
| pot
|
|
| pɛt
| piɛt
|
| pɨt
| pit
|
|
| paʔ
| piaʔ
|
| pɔʔ
|
|
| puʔ
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰat
|
| pʰot
|
|
| pʰɛt
| pʰiɛt
|
|
| pʰit
|
|
| pʰaʔ
| pʰiaʔ
|
| pʰɔʔ
|
|
| pʰuʔ
|
|
| m
|
|
| mot
|
|
| mɛt
| miɛt
|
| mɨt
| mit
|
|
| maʔ
|
|
| mɔʔ
|
|
| muʔ
|
|
| f
| at
|
|
|
|
| fɛt
|
|
| fɨt
|
|
|
| faʔ
|
|
| fɔʔ
|
|
| fuʔ
|
|
| t
| tat
|
| tot
|
|
| tɛt
| tiɛt
|
| tɨt
| tit
|
|
|
| tiaʔ
|
| tɔʔ
|
|
| tuʔ
|
|
| tʰ
| tʰat
|
| tʰot
|
|
| tʰɛt
| tʰiɛt
|
| tʰɨt
| tʰit
|
|
|
| tʰiaʔ
|
| tʰɔʔ
|
|
| tʰuʔ
|
|
| l
| lat
|
| lot
|
|
| lɛt
| liɛt
|
| lɨt
| lit
|
|
| laʔ
| liaʔ
|
| lɔʔ
| liɔʔ
|
| luʔ
| liuʔ
|
| ts
| tsat
|
| tsot
|
|
| tsɛt
|
|
| tsɨt
|
|
|
| tsaʔ
|
|
| tsɔʔ
|
|
| tsuʔ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰat
|
| tsʰot
|
|
| tsʰɛt
|
|
| tsʰɨt
|
|
|
| tsʰaʔ
|
|
| tsʰɔʔ
|
|
| tsʰuʔ
|
|
| s
| sat
|
| sot
|
|
| sɛt
|
|
| sɨt
|
|
|
| saʔ
|
|
| sɔʔ
|
|
| suʔ
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
|
| tɕyot
|
| tɕiɛt
|
|
| tɕit
|
| tɕyt
|
| tɕiaʔ
|
|
| tɕiɔʔ
|
|
| tɕiuʔ
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰyot
|
| tɕʰiɛt
|
|
| tɕʰit
|
| tɕʰyt
|
| tɕʰiaʔ
|
|
| tɕʰiɔʔ
|
|
| tɕʰiuʔ
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
| ɲyot
|
| ɲiɛt
|
|
| ɲit
|
| ɲyt
|
| ɲiaʔ
|
|
| ɲiɔʔ
|
|
| ɲiuʔ
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
|
| ɕyot
|
| ɕiɛt
|
|
| ɕit
|
| ɕyt
|
| ɕiaʔ
|
|
| ɕiɔʔ
|
|
| ɕiuʔ
|
| k
| kat
| kuat
| kot
|
|
|
| kiɛt
| kuɛt
|
|
| kut
|
| kaʔ
|
| kuaʔ
| kɔʔ
|
| kuɔʔ
| kuʔ
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰat
| kʰuat
| kʰot
| kʰuot
|
|
| kʰiɛt
|
|
|
| kʰut
|
| kʰaʔ
|
| kʰuaʔ
| kʰɔʔ
|
| kʰuɔʔ
| kʰuʔ
|
|
| ŋ
| ŋat
|
| ŋot
|
|
|
| ŋiɛt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ŋɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| h
| hat
|
| hot
|
|
| hɛt
|
|
|
|
|
|
| haʔ
|
|
| hɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| uat
|
| uot
| yot
|
| iɛt
|
|
| it
| ut
| yt
|
|
|
|
| iɔʔ
|
| uʔ
|
|
| 