Pingyao Dialect (?? / ?? | Píngyáo)
By James Campbell
Classification | Map | Tones | Sandhi | Numbers | Phonology | Recordings
Classification:
Jin > Bingzhou
Download the Chinese Dialects layover for Google Earth
Map: 112.1734224913378, 37.20516942771282
Tones:
| ?
| ??
Y?nPíng
1A
| ??
YángPíng
1B
| ??
Y?nSh?ng
2A
| ??
YángSh?ng
2B
| ??
Y?nQù
3A
| ??
YángQù
3B
| ??
Y?nRù
4A
| ??
YángRù
4B
|
| ?? Píngyáo
| 13
|
| 53
|
| 35
|
| 23
| 54
|
| ?? Píngyáo
| 13
|
| 53
|
| 35
|
| 13
| 53
|
Sandhi:
For academic analysis (in English) of complex tone sandhi as featured here in Pingyao dialect, I recommend getting in touch with professor Jie Zhang.
If you are unfamiliar with the terms sandhi, or citation tones, please refer first to the FAQ page.
There are five citation tones in the Pingyao dialect, three long (??) and two short (??). There are a total of ten sandhi tones produced, of which five are the same as the citation tones, the other five occurring only in a sandhi environment. Disregarding the occlusive, or short ?? tones, there are three distinct tonal contours: [13] (??, ??, ??), [35] (??), [53] (??, ??). Of the ten sandhi tones, five are ?? and five are ??, the ?? being short versions of the ?? tones. So the sandhi tones can be described as five distinct tonal contours: [13], [53], [35], [31], and [412].
Citation Tones ????
| Sandhi Tones ????
|
?? [13] (?????)
| [13] [13]
|
?? [13]
| [53] [53]
|
?? [35]
| [35] [35]
|
?? [53]
| [31] [31]
|
?? [53]
| [412] [412]
|
In the Pingyao dialect, tone sandhi occurs depending on a word's grammatical function in the sentence. First, let's look at five kinds of words that influence tone sandhi. Since tone sandhi only occurs in character combinations (hence making up words), all such words are some kind of compound. They are: adjective-noun (??), verb-object (??), subject-predicate (??), compound (??), and verb-complement (??).
The first table demonstrates combinations of two characters. Here two kinds of grammatical functions have an effect on sandhi: verb-object/subject-predicates, and compounds including verb-complement and adjective-noun. Listed down the left side is the first character of a sandhi group, and across the top the second character of a sandhi group. The order of the traditional tone categories have been rearranged throughout the tables so that tones with the same contours are next to each other in the table. This also allows a way to simplify the table. Please note that citation tones remain black and sandhi tones are marked in red. As throughout the rest of this site, the shorter ?? characters are marked in tonal contour with an underline.
Table 1: 2-Character Tone Sandhi
|
| ?? 13
| ?? 13
| ?? 35
| ?? 53
| ?? 53
|
|
?? 13
| 13-13
| 13-13
| 31-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| verb-object
|
?? 13
| 31-35
| 31-35
| 13-13
| 31-53
| 31-53
| compounds
|
?? 13
| 13-13
| 13-13
| 31-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| compounds
|
?? 13
| 13-13
| 13-13
| 31-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| verb-object
|
31-35
| 31-35
| 13-13
| 3153
| 31-53
| compounds
|
?? 35
| 13-13
| 13-13
| 31-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| verb-object
|
35-53
| 35-53
| 35-53
| 35-53
| 35-53
| compounds
|
?? 53
| 53-13
| 53-13
| 53-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| verb-object
|
53-13
| 53-13
| 53-35
| 53-53
| 53-53
| compounds
|
?? 53
| 53-13
| 53-13
| 53-35
| 35-412
| 35-412
| verb-object
|
53-13
| 53-13
| 53-35
| 35-53
| 53-53
| compounds
|
Three-character sandhi can be grouped three different ways: the first two syllables reduplicated, the last two syllables reduplicated, and non-reduplication. The following table demonstrates tone sandhi with first-two syllable reduplication.
Table 2: 3-Character Sandhi, Front Reduplication
|
|
?? 13
|
?? 13
|
?? 35
|
?? 53
|
?? 53
|
|
|
?-? 13-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
subject-predicate
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-13-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
adjective-noun
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
adjective-noun
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
subject-predicate
|
|
31-35-53
|
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?-? 35-35
|
53-31-13
|
53-31-13
|
53-31-13
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
subject-predicate
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?-? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
53-35-412
|
subject-predicate
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
adjective-noun
|
|
??-?? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
|
35-53-13
|
13-35-412
|
|
verb-object
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
53-35-412
|
subject-predicate
|
|
53-31-35
|
|
53-31-53
|
|
adjective-noun
|
Focusing only on tone contours and disregarding the tone shortness of ?? characters, the table above can be simplified as follows:
Table 3: 3-Character Sandhi, Front Reduplication, Simplified
|
|
?? 13, ?? 13
|
?? 35
|
?? 53, ?? 53
|
|
|
?? 13-13, ?? 13-13
|
35-53-13
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
?? 35-35
|
subject-predicate
|
|
?? 53-53, ?? 53-53
|
verb-object
|
|
?? 13-13, ?? 13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
subject-predicate
|
|
?? 13-13
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 13-13, ?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 35-35
|
53-31-13
|
13-35-412
|
verb-object
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 53-53, ?? 53-53
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
subject-predicate
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-53
|
adjective-noun
|
The next table demonstrates tone sandhi for three-syllable words where the last two characters are reduplicated. Note that although ?? citation tone is always [13], the difference between ?? and ?? still has an effect on tone sandhi.
Table 4: 3-Character Sandhi, Back Reduplication
|
|
?? 13-13
|
?? 13-13
|
?? 13-13
|
?? 35-35
|
?? 53-53
|
?? 53-53
|
|
|
? 13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
31-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
?? 13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
31-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
31-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 35
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
31-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 53
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 53
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
Here is the simplified version of the table above:
Table 5: 3-Character Sandhi, Back Reduplication, Simplified
|
|
?? 13-13
|
?? 13-13, ?? 13-13
|
?? 35-35
|
?? 53-53, ?? 53-53
|
|
|
?? 13, ?? 35, ?? 13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
31-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
?? 13
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 13, ?? 13
|
31-35-53*
|
13-31-53
|
31-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 35
|
35-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
|
?? 35, ?? 53
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-53
|
35-53-13
|
verb-object
|
|
?? 53, ?? 53
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
53-53-31
|
adjective-noun
|
*Here ??-??-?? is an exception, which should be [13-31-35], or refer to Table 4.
Finally, to understand the non-reduplicated tone sandhi tables, it is important to regroup the grammatical functions as in the table below. The letters A, B, C are representative of these grouped grammatical functions and reappear in the non-reduplicated tone sandhi tables.
Table 6: Non-Reduplicated 3-Character Sandhi Groupings
|
Three-Character Sandhi
|
|
Function
|
Syllable Structure
|
|
|
compound
|
|
B
|
|
verb-complement
|
1σ-2σ, 2σ-1σ
|
|
adj-noun
|
1σ-2σ
|
|
2σ-1σ
|
2σ is verb-complement or adj-noun
|
|
2σ is verb-object or subject-predicate
|
A
|
|
verb-object
|
1σ-2σ, 2σ-1σ
|
|
subject-predicate
|
1σ-2σ
|
|
2σ-1σ
|
C
|
Here is what this chart means. Sandhi occurrences can be broken down into different environments, but in this case it is not clear cut between word functions, it also depends on whether the 3-syllable group has a compound in the first two characters or in the last two characters.
Let's look at the groups one by one. Group A covers adjective-nouns where the first two characters need to be a verb-object or subject-predicate compound. It also covers verb-object compounds regardless of the number of syllables, and subject-predicates where the subject is one syllable and the predicate two. Group B also covers adjective-nouns but where the first two characters should be a verb-complement or adjective-noun of itself. Group B also covers compounds, verb-complements and adjective-nouns where the nouns are made up of two syllables. Group C covers subject-predicates where the subject makes up two syllables, the predicate one.
Below is the table for non-reduplicated three-syllable tone sandhi.
Table 7: Non-Reduplicated 3-Character Sandhi
|
|
?? 13
|
?? 13
|
?? 35
|
?? 53
|
?? 53
|
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
A C
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-?? 13-35
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
|
A C
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
|
A C
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
|
??-?? 13-35
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-53
|
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
??-?? 13-35
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-35
|
|
|
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-35-53
|
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
A B
|
13-13-13
| 13-13-13
| 13-31-35
| 13-35-412
| 13-35-412
| C
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
A C
|
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
|
B
|
|
??-?? 13-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
31-35-53
|
13-31-53
|
A
|
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
B
|
|
13-13-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
??-?? 13-35
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
A
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-31-53
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
B
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
35-53-53
|
A C
|
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-35-53
|
|
B
|
|
??-?? 13-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
35-53-53
|
A C
|
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-53-31
|
31-35-53
|
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-53
|
13-31-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 35-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
A
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53--53
|
|
B
|
|
??-?? 35-13
|
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
|
13-31-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
C
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 35-35
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
31-35-53
|
A
|
|
13-13-13
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
13-35-412
|
C
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 35-53
|
13-53-13
|
13-53-13
|
13-53-13
|
|
|
A C
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 35-53
|
13-53-13
|
13-53-13
|
13-53-13
|
|
|
A C
|
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-31
|
35-53-53
|
35-53-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
53-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
|
|
A B C
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-13-13
|
|
|
B
|
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
??-?? 53-35
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
|
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
35-53-53
|
A C
|
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
|
A C
|
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
53-53-31
|
53-35-53
|
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-31-35
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
|
C
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
53-35-412
|
A B C
|
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-?? 53-13
|
|
53-31-35
|
53-13--13
|
53-31-53
|
53-31-53
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
|
53-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-?? 53-35
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
53-35-53
|
A B
|
|
53-13-13
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
53-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-?? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
|
|
A B C
|
|
??-?? 53-53
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-13
|
35-53-53
|
|
A B C
|
①[??13-??13-??13A] to be read as [13-13-13], the same as [??13-??13-??13C].
②[??13-??53-??53C] to be read as [13-35-412] as in the table, but [??13-??53-??53A] to be read as [35-53-53].
③[??13-??53-??53C] to be read as [13-35-412] as in the table, but [??13-??53-??53A] to be read as [35-53-53].
④[??13-??13-??35B] to be still read as [13-31-35].
⑤[??13-??13-??13B] does not undergo sandhi and is to be read as citation tones without change.
⑥[??13-??13-??35B] to be read as [13-31-35].
⑦[??13-??13-??13A] to be read as [13-31-35], the same as [??13-??13-??13C].
⑧[??13-??53-??53C] to be read as [13-35-412].
⑨[??13-??53-??53C] to be read as [35-53-53].
⑩[??35-??13-??13A] to be still read as [13-13-13]
⑪[??35-??13-??13A] to be read as [13-13-13], the same as [??35-??13-??13C]
⑫[??35-??53-??53A] to be read as [35-53-53] and [??35-??53-??53A] to be read as [35-53-53]
⑬[??35-??53-??53A] to be read as [35-53-53] and [??35-??53-??53A] to be read as 35-53-53]
⑭[??53-??13-??53B] to be read as [53-35-53] and [??53-??13-??53B] to be read as [53-35-53]
⑮[??53-??13-??13A and B] to be read as [53-13-13], the same as [??53-??13-??13C]
⑯[??53-??35-??53B] to be read as [53-31-53] and [??53-??35-??53B] to be read as [53-31-53]
⑰[??53-??35-??35B] is also read as [53-31-53]
⑱[??53-??53-??53C] is not read as [35-53-53] but instead as [13-35-412]
⑲[??53-??13-??13A and B] are not read as [53-31-35] but as [53-13-13], the same as [??53-??13-??13C]
⑳[??53-??53-??53C] to be read as [13-35-412] and [??53-??53-??53C] to be read as [13-35-412]
Here is the simplified version of the table above:
Table 8: Non-Reduplicated 3-Character Sandhi, Simplified
|
|
?? 13 / ?? 13
|
?? 35
|
?? 53 / ?? 53
|
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
13-31-35
|
13-13-13
|
|
A
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
B
|
|
??-??
|
13-31-53
|
B
|
|
??-??
|
13-31-53
|
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
13-13-13
|
13-31-35
|
13-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-??
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
A C
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
13-53-13
|
A C
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
35-53-13
|
|
A C
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
A C
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
35-53-31
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
31-35-53
|
A
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
31-53-31
|
31-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-35
|
53-35-412
|
C
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
A B C
|
|
??-??, ??-??, ??-??, ??-??
|
53-31-35
|
53-13-13
|
53-31-53
|
A B
|
|
??-??
|
B
|
|
??-??
|
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
53-35-53
|
B
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
A B
|
|
??-??, ??-??
|
53-53-31
|
53-35-53
|
B
|
①[??-??-??A], [??-??-??A], and [??-??-??B] are not read as [13-31-53] but as [31-35-53]
②C category is to be read as [13-35-412]
Further tables and usage examples will be added on an ongoing basis to this page.
Numbers:
Jin
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
| 8
| 9
| 10
| 100
| 1000
|
??
Píngyáo
| iʌʔ13
| ər35
| sɑŋ13
| sɨ35
| u53 uʌʔ53
| liəu55 luʌʔ13
| tɕʰiʌʔ13
| pʌʔ13
| tɕiəu53
| ʂʌʔ53
| piʌʔ13
|
|
Phonology:
|
|
ɿ
|
ʅ
|
ɥ
|
i
|
u
|
y
|
əɽ
|
ɑ
|
iɑ
|
uɑ
|
yɑ
|
ʅɛ
|
iɛ
|
yɛ
|
uə
|
yə
|
æ
|
uæ
|
ɔ
|
iɔ
|
| p
|
|
|
| pi
| pu
|
|
| pɑ
|
|
|
|
| piɛ
|
|
|
| pæ
|
| pɔ
| piɔ
|
| pʰ
|
|
|
| pʰi
| pʰu
|
|
| pʰɑ
|
|
|
|
| pʰiɛ
|
| pʰuə
|
| pʰæ
|
| pʰɔ
| pʰiɔ
|
| m
|
|
|
| mi
| mu
|
|
| mɑ
| miɑ
|
|
|
| miɛ
|
|
|
| mæ
|
| mɔ
| miɔ
|
| t
|
|
|
| ti
| tu
|
|
| tɑ
|
|
|
|
| tiɛ
|
| tuə
|
| tæ
| tuæ
| tɔ
| tiɔ
|
| tʰ
|
|
|
| tʰi
| tʰu
|
|
| tʰɑ
|
|
|
|
| tʰiɛ
|
| tʰuə
|
| tʰæ
| tʰuæ
| tʰɔ
| tʰiɔ
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| nɑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| næ
| nuæ
| nɔ
|
|
| l
|
|
|
| li
|
|
|
| lɑ
| liɑ
|
|
|
| liɛ
| lyɛ
| luə
|
| læ
| luæ
| lɔ
| liɔ
|
| ts
| tsɿ
|
| tsɥ
|
|
|
|
| tsɑ
|
| tsuɑ
|
|
|
|
| tsuə
|
| tsæ
| tsuæ
| tsɔ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰɿ
|
| tsʰɥ
|
|
|
|
| tsʰɑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tsʰuə
|
| tsʰæ
| tsʰuæ
| tsʰɔ
|
|
| nz
| nzɿ
|
| nzɥ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| nzuə
|
|
|
|
|
|
| s
| sɿ
|
| sɥ
|
|
|
|
| sɑ
|
| suɑ
|
|
|
|
| suə
|
| sæ
| suæ
| sɔ
|
|
| z
| zɿ
|
| zɥ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| zuə
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tʂ
|
| tʂʅ
|
|
|
| tʂy
|
|
|
|
|
| tʂʅɛ
|
|
|
|
| tʂæ
|
| tʂɔ
|
|
| tʂʰ
|
| tʂʰʅ
|
|
|
| tʂʰy
|
| tʂʰɑ
|
|
|
| tʂʰʅɛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tʂʰɔ
|
|
| ɳ
|
|
|
|
|
| ɳy
|
| ɳɑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɳɔ
|
|
| ʂ
|
| ʂʅ
|
|
|
| ʂy
|
| ʂɑ
|
|
|
| ʂʅɛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʂɔ
|
|
| ʐ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʐʅɛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
| tɕi
|
|
|
|
| tɕiɑ
|
| tɕyɑ
|
| tɕiɛ
| tɕyɛ
|
| tɕyə
|
|
|
| tɕiɔ
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
| tɕʰi
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰiɑ
|
|
|
| tɕʰiɛ
| tɕʰyɛ
|
| tɕʰyə
|
|
|
| tɕʰiɔ
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
| ɲi
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɑ
|
| ɲyɑ
|
| ɲiɛ
|
|
| ɲyə
|
|
|
| ɲiɔ
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
| ɕi
|
|
|
|
| ɕiɑ
|
|
|
| ɕiɛ
| ɕyɛ
|
| ɕyə
|
|
|
| ɕiɔ
|
| k
|
|
|
|
| ku
|
|
| kɑ
|
| kuɑ
|
|
| kiɛ
|
| kuə
|
| kæ
| kuæ
| kɔ
|
|
| kʰ
|
|
|
|
| kʰu
|
|
| kʰɑ
|
| kʰuɑ
|
|
| kʰiɛ
|
| kʰuə
|
| kʰæ
| kʰuæ
| kʰɔ
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ŋɑ
|
|
|
|
| ŋiɛ
|
|
|
| ŋæ
|
| ŋɔ
|
|
| x
|
|
|
|
| xu
|
|
| xɑ
|
| xuɑ
|
|
|
|
| xuə
|
| xæ
| xuæ
| xɔ
|
|
| ø
|
|
|
| i
|
| y
| əɽ
|
| iɑ
| uɑ
| yɑ
|
| iɛ
| yɛ
| uə
| yə
|
| uæ
|
| iɔ
|
|
|
ei
|
uei
|
əu
|
iəu
|
ɐŋ
|
iɐŋ
|
uɐŋ
|
əŋ
|
iŋ
|
uŋ
|
yŋ
|
ʌʔ
|
iʌʔ
|
uʌʔ
|
yʌʔ
|
n̩
|
| p
| pei
|
|
|
| pɐŋ
|
|
| pəŋ
| piŋ
|
|
| pʌʔ
| piʌʔ
|
|
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰei
|
|
|
| pʰɐŋ
|
|
| pʰəŋ
| pʰiŋ
|
|
| pʰʌʔ
| pʰiʌʔ
|
|
|
|
| m
| mei
|
|
|
| mɐŋ
|
|
| məŋ
| miŋ
|
|
| mʌʔ
| miʌʔ
|
|
|
|
| t
| tei
| tuei
| təu
| təu
| tɐŋ
|
| tuɐŋ
| təŋ
| tiŋ
| tuŋ
|
| tʌʔ
| tiʌʔ
| tuʌʔ
|
|
|
| tʰ
| tʰei
| tʰuei
| tʰəu
| tʰiəu
| tʰɐŋ
|
| tʰuɐŋ
| tʰəŋ
| tʰiŋ
| tʰuŋ
|
| tʰʌʔ
| tʰiʌʔ
| tʰuʌʔ
|
|
|
| n
| nei
|
| nəu
|
| nɐŋ
|
|
| nəŋ
|
|
|
| nʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| l
| lei
| luei
| ləu
| liəu
| lɐŋ
| liɐŋ
| luɐŋ
| ləŋ
| liŋ
| luŋ
|
| lʌʔ
| liʌʔ
| luʌʔ
| lyʌʔ
|
|
| ts
| tsei
| tsuei
| tsəu
|
| tsɐŋ
|
| tsuɐŋ
| tsəŋ
|
| tsuŋ
|
| tsʌʔ
|
| tsuʌʔ
|
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰei
| tsʰuei
| tsʰəu
|
| tsʰɐŋ
|
| tsʰuɐŋ
| tsʰəŋ
|
| tsʰuŋ
|
| tsʰʌʔ
|
| tsʰuʌʔ
|
|
|
| nz
|
|
|
|
| nzɐŋ
|
| nzuɐŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| s
| sei
| suei
| səu
|
| sɐŋ
|
| suɐŋ
| səŋ
|
| suŋ
|
| sʌʔ
|
| suʌʔ
|
|
|
| z
|
| zuei
|
|
|
|
|
| zəŋ
|
| zuŋ
|
|
|
| zuʌʔ
|
|
|
| tʂ
|
|
| tʂəu
|
| tʂɐŋ
|
|
| tʂəŋ
|
|
|
| tʂʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| tʂʰ
|
|
| tʂʰəu
|
| tʂʰɐŋ
|
|
| tʂʰəŋ
|
|
|
| tʂʰʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| ɳ
|
|
| ɳəu
|
| ɳɐŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɳʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| ʂ
|
|
| ʂəu
|
| ʂɐŋ
|
|
| ʂəŋ
|
|
|
| ʂʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| ʐ
|
|
| ʐəu
|
| ʐɐŋ
|
|
| ʐəŋ
|
|
|
| ʐʌʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕiɐŋ
|
|
| tɕiŋ
|
| tɕyŋ
|
| tɕiʌʔ
|
| tɕyʌʔ
|
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰiɐŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiŋ
|
| tɕʰyŋ
|
| tɕʰiʌʔ
|
| tɕʰyʌʔ
|
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
| ɲiəu
|
| ɲiɐŋ
|
|
| ɲiŋ
|
|
|
| ɲiʌʔ
|
| ɲyʌʔ
|
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
| ɕiəu
|
| ɕiɐŋ
|
|
| ɕiŋ
|
| ɕyŋ
|
| ɕiʌʔ
|
| ɕyʌʔ
|
|
| k
|
| kuei
| kəu
|
| kɐŋ
|
| kuɐŋ
| kəŋ
|
| kuŋ
|
| kʌʔ
|
| kuʌʔ
|
|
|
| kʰ
|
| kʰuei
| kʰəu
|
| kʰɐŋ
|
| kʰuɐŋ
| kʰəŋ
|
| kʰuŋ
|
| kʰʌʔ
|
| kʰuʌʔ
|
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
| ŋəu
|
| ŋɐŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| x
| xei
| xuei
| xəu
|
| xɐŋ
|
| xuɐŋ
| xəŋ
|
| xuŋ
|
| xʌʔ
|
| xuʌʔ
|
|
|
| ø
|
| uei
|
| iəu
|
| iɐŋ
|
| əŋ
| iŋ
| uŋ
| yŋ
|
| iʌʔ
| uʌʔ
| yʌʔ
| n̩
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Recording:
(click to listen)
?i???i??: p?? xu? xu ??? t?u i?
i?u i?? m?r, p?? xu? xu ??? t?u i? tsæ uæ ??? ts?? lu? suei m?? ti?? p?? s? tei. ts?? læ ts?? t??y t?i?u s? xu? p?? ts?u?? xuæ k? ti læ. ts?? t??? t???, l?u l?u x? læ l? xuæ ts?u t? t? ti??, u?? t?i? ??? x? ts?u? ti?? t?i? ?y ?? ???. u?? t?i? li?? xuæ su?? x? l?, suei n?? ?i? t?i? u?? xuæ ts?u t? t? ti?? t?u?? x? u?? t?i? ti?? ?y ?? ??? læ, t?i?u su?? suei ti?? p?? s? tei. p?? xu? t?i?u s? t?i? t?i? ti ku??, u?? t?i? y?? s? ku?? ti?? li xæ, u?? xuæ ts?u t? t? ti?? p? uæ ?y ?? ??? kuei ti?? y?? t?i? t?i?. x?u ??u ???, p?? xu? m?? p?? xu??, ts? x? t?i?u su?? li?. kuei l? i?? t??? t???, ??? t?u i? ts?u?? læ l?. u?? t?i? xuei ?? ?? ti i?? sæ, u?? xuæ ts?u t? t? ti?? t?i? k?? t?i? t?i?u p? u?? t?i? t?i? ?y ?? ??? t?u?? x?, p?? hu? ts? x? t???? ???, u?? t?i? li?? xuæ tu? tsu? x?? s? ??? t?u i? ti?? p?? s? tei.
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