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Muping Dialect Phonology
??????
Compiled, Edited, and Recorded by James Campbell
The onsets and rhymes are listed below.
Onsets:
p p? m f
t t? n l
ts ts? s
t? t?? ? ?
c c? ç
k k? x
?
Rhymes:
? ? ? ? o ai ei ?o ou an ?n ?? ?? o?
i i? i? iai iei i?o iou ian in i?? i? io?
u u? uo uai uei uan u?n u??
y y? yuo yan yn
Rhotics:
u > ur
? > ?r
i? > i?r
u? > u?r
? > ?r
i? > i?r
y? > y?r
o > or
uo > uor
yuo > yuor
? ei ?n > ?r
i iei in > i?r
uei u?n > u?r
y yn > y?r
ai an > ?r
iai ian > i?r
uai uan > u?r
yan > y?r
?o > ?or
i?o > i?or
ou > our
iou > iour
?? > ??r
i?? > i??r
u?? > u??r
?? > ??r
i? > i??r
o? > o?r
io? > io?r
|
| ɿ
| əɽ
| i
| u
| y
| ɑ
| iɑ
| uɑ
| ə
| iə
| yə
| o
| uo
| yuo
| ai
| iai
| uai
| ei
| iei
| uei
| ɑo
| iɑo
| ou
|
| p
|
|
| pi
| pu
|
| pɑ
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|
|
| piə
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| po
|
|
| pai
|
|
| pei
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|
| pɑo
| piɑo
|
|
| pʰ
|
|
| pʰi
| pʰu
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| pʰɑ
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|
|
| pʰiə
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|
| pʰuo
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| pʰai
|
|
| pʰei
|
|
| pʰɑo
| pʰiɑo
| pʰou
|
| m
|
|
| mi
| mu
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| mɑ
|
|
|
| miə
|
|
| muo
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| mai
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|
| mei
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|
| mɑo
| miɑo
|
|
| f
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|
|
| fu
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| fɑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| fei
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|
|
|
| fou
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| t
|
|
| ti
| tu
|
| >tɑ
|
|
| tə
| tiə
|
|
| tuo
|
| tai
|
|
| tei
|
|
| tɑo
| tiɑo
| tou
|
| tʰ
|
|
| tʰi
| tʰu
|
| tʰɑ
|
|
| tʰə
| tʰiə
|
|
| tʰuo
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| tʰai
|
|
| tʰei
|
|
| tʰɑo
| tʰiɑo
| tʰou
|
| n
|
|
|
| nu
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| nɑ
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|
|
|
|
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| nuo
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| nai
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| nei
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|
| nɑo
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|
|
| l
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|
| li
| lu
| ly
| lɑ
| liɑ
|
| lə
| liə
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|
| luo
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| lai
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|
| lei
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|
| lɑo
| liɑo
| lou
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| ts
| tsɿ
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|
| tsu
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| tsɑ
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| tsuɑ
| tsə
|
|
|
| tsuo
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| tsai
|
| tsuai
| tsei
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| tsuei
| tsɑo
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| tsou
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| tsʰ
| tsʰɿ
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|
| tsʰu
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| tsʰɑ
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| tsʰuɑ
| tsʰə
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|
|
| tsʰuo
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| tsʰai
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| tsʰuai
| tsʰei
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| tsʰuei
| tsʰɑo
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| tsʰou
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| s
| sɿ
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|
| su
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| sɑ
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| suɑ
| sə
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|
|
| suo
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| sai
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| suai
| sei
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| suei
| sɑo
|
| sou
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| tɕ
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|
| tɕi
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| tɕy
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| tɕiɑ
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|
| tɕiə
| tɕyə
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|
| tɕyuo
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|
|
|
|
|
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| tɕiɑo
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|
| tɕʰ
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|
| tɕʰi
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| tɕʰy
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|
|
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| tɕʰiə
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|
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| tɕʰyuo
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|
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|
|
|
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| tɕʰiɑo
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|
| ɲ
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|
| ɲi
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| ɲy
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| ɲiɑ
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|
| ɲiə
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|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
| ɲiɑo
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|
| ɕ
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|
| ɕi
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| ɕy
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| ɕiɑ
|
|
| ɕiə
| ɕyə
|
|
| ɕyuo
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|
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|
|
|
|
| ɕiɑo
|
|
| c
|
|
| ci
|
| cy
|
| ciɑ
|
|
| ciə
| cyə
|
|
| cyuo
|
| ciai
|
|
| ciei
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|
| ciɑo
|
|
| cʰ
|
|
| cʰi
|
| cʰy
|
| cʰiɑ
|
|
| cʰiə
| cʰyə
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|
| cʰyuo
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|
|
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| cʰiɑo
|
|
| ç
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|
| çi
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| çy
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| çiɑ
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|
| çiə
| çyə
|
|
| çyuo
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| çiai
|
|
| çiei
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|
| çiɑo
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|
| k
|
|
|
| ku
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| kɑ
|
| kuɑ
| kə
|
|
|
| kuo
|
| kai
|
| kuai
| kei
|
| kuei
| kɑo
|
| kou
|
| kʰ
|
|
|
| kʰu
|
| kʰɑ
|
| kʰuɑ
| kʰə
|
|
|
| kʰuo
|
| kʰai
|
| kʰuai
| kʰei
|
| kʰuei
| kʰɑo
|
| kʰou
|
| x
|
|
|
| xu
|
| xɑ
|
| xuɑ
| xə
|
|
|
| xuo
|
| xai
|
| xuai
| xei
|
| xuei
| xɑo
|
| xou
|
| ø
|
| əɽ
| i
| u
| y
| ɑ
| iɑ
| uɑ
| ə
| iə
| yə
| o
| uo
| yuo
| ai
| iai
| uai
|
|
| uei
| ɑo
| iɑo
| ou
|
|
| iou
| an
| ian
| uan
| yan
| ən
| in
| uən
| yn
| ɑŋ
| iɑŋ
| uɑŋ
| əŋ
| iŋ
| oŋ
| ioŋ
|
| p
|
| pan
| pian
|
|
| pən
| pin
|
|
| pɑŋ
|
|
| pəŋ
| piŋ
|
|
|
| pʰ
|
| pʰan
| pʰian
|
|
| pʰən
| pʰin
|
|
| pʰɑŋ
|
|
| pʰəŋ
| pʰiŋ
|
|
|
| m
|
| man
| mian
|
|
| mən
| min
|
|
| mɑŋ
|
|
| məŋ
| miŋ
|
|
|
| f
|
| fan
|
|
|
| fən
|
|
|
| fɑŋ
|
|
| fəŋ
|
|
|
|
| t
| tiou
| tan
| tian
|
|
| tən
|
|
|
| tɑŋ
|
|
| təŋ
| tiŋ
| toŋ
|
|
| tʰ
|
| tʰan
| tʰian
|
|
| tʰən
|
|
|
| tʰɑŋ
|
|
| tʰəŋ
| tʰiŋ
| tʰoŋ
|
|
| n
|
| nan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| nɑŋ
|
|
| nəŋ
|
| noŋ
|
|
| l
| liou
| lan
| lian
|
|
| lən
| lin
|
|
| lɑŋ
| liɑŋ
|
| ləŋ
| liŋ
| loŋ
|
|
| ts
|
| tsan
|
| tsuan
|
| tsən
|
| tsuən
|
| tsɑŋ
|
| tsuɑŋ
| tsəŋ
|
| tsoŋ
|
|
| tsʰ
|
| tsʰan
|
| tsʰuan
|
| tsʰən
|
| tsʰuən
|
| tsʰɑŋ
|
| tsʰuɑŋ
| tsʰəŋ
|
| tsʰoŋ
|
|
| s
|
| san
|
| suan
|
| sən
|
| suən
|
| sɑŋ
|
| suɑŋ
| səŋ
|
| soŋ
|
|
| tɕ
| tɕiou
|
| tɕian
|
|
|
| tɕin
|
| tɕyn
|
| tɕiɑŋ
|
|
| tɕiŋ
|
|
|
| tɕʰ
| tɕʰiou
|
| tɕʰian
|
| tɕʰyan
|
| tɕʰin
|
| tɕʰyn
|
| tɕʰiɑŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiŋ
|
|
|
| ɲ
| ɲiou
|
| ɲian
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɑŋ
|
|
| ɲiŋ
|
| ɲioŋ
|
| ɕ
|
|
| ɕian
|
| ɕyan
|
| ɕin
|
| ɕyn
|
| ɕiɑŋ
|
|
| ɕiŋ
|
| ɕioŋ
|
| c
| ciou
|
| cian
|
| cyan
|
| cin
|
| cyn
|
| ciɑŋ
|
|
| ciŋ
|
| cioŋ
|
| cʰ
| cʰiou
|
| cʰian
|
| cʰyan
|
| cʰin
|
| cʰyn
|
| cʰiɑŋ
|
|
| cʰiŋ
|
| cʰioŋ
|
| ç
| çiou
|
| çian
|
| çyan
|
| çin
|
| çyn
|
| çiɑŋ
|
|
| çiŋ
|
| çioŋ
|
| k
|
| kan
|
| kuan
|
| kən
|
| kuən
|
| kɑŋ
|
| kuɑŋ
| kəŋ
|
| koŋ
|
|
| kʰ
|
| kʰan
|
| kʰuan
|
| kʰən
|
| kʰuən
|
| kʰɑŋ
|
| kʰuɑŋ
| kʰəŋ
|
| kʰoŋ
|
|
| x
|
| xan
|
| xuan
|
| xən
|
| xuən
|
| xɑŋ
|
| xuɑŋ
| xəŋ
|
| xoŋ
|
|
| ø
| iou
| an
| ian
| uan
| yan
| ən
| in
| uən
| yn
| ɑŋ
| iɑŋ
| uɑŋ
|
| iŋ
| oŋ
| ioŋ
|
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The Languages of China
The Sino-Tibetan Languages
Tone Sandhi