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Nanchang Dialect Phonology
??????
Compiled and Edited by James Campbell
The onsets and rhymes are listed below.
Onsets:
p p? b m f
t t? l
ts ts? s
t? t?? ? ?
k k? ? h
?
Rhymes:
? i u y
a ia ua
o uo
e ie ue ye
?
m? n ???
ai uai
oi ei
?i ui
au
?u i?u
?u iu
an uan
on uon yon
?n i?n
?n in un yn
a? ia? ua?
?? i?? u??
u? iu?
at uat
ot uot yot
?t i?t u?t
?t it ut yt
a? ia? ua?
?? i?? u??
u? iu?
|
| ɿ
| i
| u
| y
| a
| ia
| ua
| o
| uo
| e
| ie
| ue
| ye
| ɵ
| m
| n
| ŋ
| ai
| uai
| ɨi
| ui
| au
| ɛu
| iɛu
| ɨu
| iu
|
| p
|
| pi
| pu
|
| pa
|
|
| po
|
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| pie
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|
|
|
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| pai
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|
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| pau
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| piɛu
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| pʰ
|
| pʰi
| pʰu
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| pʰa
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|
| pʰo
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|
| pʰie
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|
|
|
|
|
| pʰai
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|
| pʰau
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| pʰiɛu
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|
| m
|
| mi
| mu
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| ma
|
|
| mo
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|
| mie
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|
|
|
|
|
| mai
|
|
|
| mau
| mɛu
| miɛu
|
|
|
| f
|
|
| fu
|
| fa
|
|
| fo
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| fai
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| fɨi
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|
| fɛu
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|
| t
|
| ti
| tu
|
| ta
| tia
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| to
|
| te
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| tai
|
|
| tui
| tau
| tɛu
| tiɛu
|
| tiu
|
| tʰ
|
| tʰi
| tʰu
|
| tʰa
| tʰia
|
| tʰo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tʰai
|
|
| tʰui
| tʰau
| tʰɛu
| tʰiɛu
|
|
|
| l
|
| li
| lu
|
| la
| lia
|
| lo
|
|
| lie
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|
|
|
|
|
| lai
|
|
| lui
| lau
| lɛu
| liɛu
|
| liu
|
| ts
| tsɿ
|
| tsu
|
| tsa
|
|
| tso
| tsuo
| tse
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| tsai
|
|
| tsui
| tsau
| tsɛu
|
| tsɨu
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰɿ
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| tsʰu
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| tsʰa
|
|
| tsʰo
| tsʰuo
| tsʰe
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|
|
|
|
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|
| tsʰai
|
|
| tsʰui
| tsʰau
| tsʰɛu
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| tsʰɨu
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|
| s
| sɿ
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| su
|
| sa
|
|
| so
|
| se
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| sai
|
|
| sui
| sau
| sɛu
|
| sɨu
|
|
| tɕ
|
| tɕi
|
| tɕy
|
| tɕia
|
|
|
| tɕe
| tɕie
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| tɕye
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕiɛu
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| tɕiu
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| tɕʰ
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| tɕʰi
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| tɕʰy
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| tɕʰia
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰie
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| tɕʰye
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|
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|
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|
|
|
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| tɕʰiɛu
|
| tɕʰiu
|
| ɲ
|
| ɲi
|
| ɲy
|
| ɲia
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|
|
|
| ɲie
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɛu
|
| ɲiu
|
| ɕ
|
| ɕi
|
| ɕy
|
| ɕia
|
|
|
|
| ɕie
|
| ɕye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɕiɛu
|
| ɕiu
|
| k
|
|
| ku
|
| ka
|
| kua
| ko
| kuo
|
| kie
| kue
|
|
|
|
|
| kai
| kuai
|
| kui
| kau
|
| kiɛu
|
|
|
| kʰ
|
|
| kʰu
|
| kʰa
|
| kʰua
| kʰo
| kʰuo
|
| kʰie
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kʰai
| kʰuai
|
| kʰui
| kʰau
|
| kʰiɛu
|
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|
|
| ŋa
|
|
| ŋo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ŋai
|
|
|
| ŋau
|
| ŋiɛu
|
|
|
| h
|
|
|
|
| ha
|
|
| ho
|
| he
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hai
|
|
|
| au
| hɛu
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| i
| u
| y
|
| ia
| ua
|
| uo
|
| ie
|
| ye
| ɵ
| m
| n
| ŋ
|
| uai
|
| ui
|
|
| iɛu
|
| iu
|
|
| an
| uan
| on
| uon
| yon
| ɛn
| iɛn
| ɨn
| in
| un
| yn
| aŋ
| iaŋ
| uaŋ
| ɔŋ
| iɔŋ
| uɔŋ
| uŋ
| iuŋ
|
| p
| pan
|
| pon
|
|
| pɛn
| piɛn
| pɨn
| pin
|
|
| paŋ
| piaŋ
|
| pɔŋ
|
|
| puŋ
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰan
|
| pʰon
|
|
| pʰɛn
| pʰiɛn
| pʰɨn
| pʰin
|
|
| pʰaŋ
| pʰiaŋ
|
| pʰɔŋ
|
|
| pʰuŋ
|
|
| m
| man
|
| mon
|
|
| mɛn
| miɛn
| mɨn
| min
|
|
| maŋ
| miaŋ
|
| mɔŋ
|
|
| muŋ
|
|
| f
| fan
|
| fon
|
|
| fɛn
|
| fɨn
|
|
|
| faŋ
|
|
| fɔŋ
|
|
| fuŋ
|
|
| t
| tan
|
| ton
|
|
| tɛn
| tiɛn
| tɨn
| tin
|
|
|
| tiaŋ
|
| tɔŋ
|
|
| tuŋ
|
|
| tʰ
| tʰan
|
| tʰon
|
|
| tʰɛn
| tʰiɛn
| tʰɨn
| tʰin
|
|
|
| tʰiaŋ
|
| tʰɔŋ
|
|
| tʰuŋ
|
|
| l
| lan
|
| lon
|
|
| lɛn
| liɛn
| lɨn
| lin
|
|
| laŋ
| liaŋ
|
| lɔŋ
| liɔŋ
|
| luŋ
|
|
| ts
| tsan
|
| tson
|
|
| tsɛn
|
| tsɨn
|
| tsun
|
| tsaŋ
|
|
| tsɔŋ
|
|
| tsuŋ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰan
|
| tsʰon
|
|
| tsʰɛn
|
| tsʰɨn
|
| tsʰun
|
| tsʰaŋ
|
|
| tsʰɔŋ
|
|
| tsʰuŋ
|
|
| s
| san
|
| son
|
|
| sɛn
|
| sɨn
|
| sun
|
| saŋ
|
|
| sɔŋ
|
|
| suŋ
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
|
| tɕyon
|
| tɕiɛn
|
| tɕin
|
| tɕyn
|
| tɕiaŋ
|
|
| tɕiɔŋ
|
|
| tɕiuŋ
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰyon
|
| tɕʰiɛn
|
| tɕʰin
|
| tɕʰyn
|
| tɕʰiaŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiɔŋ
|
|
| tɕʰiuŋ
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
| ɲyon
|
| ɲiɛn
|
| ɲin
|
| ɲyn
|
|
|
|
| ɲiɔŋ
|
|
|
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
|
| ɕyon
|
| ɕiɛn
|
| ɕin
|
| ɕyn
|
| ɕiaŋ
|
|
| ɕiɔŋ
|
|
| ɕiuŋ
|
| k
| kan
| kuan
| kon
| kuon
|
|
| kiɛn
|
|
| kun
|
| kaŋ
|
| kuaŋ
| kɔŋ
|
| kuɔŋ
| kuŋ
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰan
|
| kʰon
| kʰuon
|
|
| kʰiɛn
|
|
| kʰun
|
| kʰaŋ
|
| kʰuaŋ
| kʰɔŋ
|
| kʰuɔŋ
| kʰuŋ
|
|
| ŋ
| ŋan
|
| ŋon
|
|
|
| ŋiɛn
|
|
|
|
| ŋaŋ
|
|
| ŋɔŋ
|
|
|
|
|
| h
| han
|
| hon
|
|
| hɛn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hɔŋ
|
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| uan
|
| uon
| yon
|
| iɛn
|
| in
| un
| yn
|
| iaŋ
| uaŋ
|
| iɔŋ
| uɔŋ
| uŋ
| iuŋ
|
|
|
at
|
uat
|
ot
|
uot
|
yot
|
ɛt
|
iɛt
|
uɛt
|
ɨt
|
it
|
ut
|
yt
|
aʔ
|
iaʔ
|
uaʔ
|
ɔʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
uɔʔ
|
uʔ
|
iuʔ
|
| p
| pat
|
| pot
|
|
| pɛt
| piɛt
|
| pɨt
| pit
|
|
| paʔ
| piaʔ
|
| pɔʔ
|
|
| puʔ
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰat
|
| pʰot
|
|
| pʰɛt
| pʰiɛt
|
|
| pʰit
|
|
| pʰaʔ
| pʰiaʔ
|
| pʰɔʔ
|
|
| pʰuʔ
|
|
| m
|
|
| mot
|
|
| mɛt
| miɛt
|
| mɨt
| mit
|
|
| maʔ
|
|
| mɔʔ
|
|
| muʔ
|
|
| f
| at
|
|
|
|
| fɛt
|
|
| fɨt
|
|
|
| faʔ
|
|
| fɔʔ
|
|
| fuʔ
|
|
| t
| tat
|
| tot
|
|
| tɛt
| tiɛt
|
| tɨt
| tit
|
|
|
| tiaʔ
|
| tɔʔ
|
|
| tuʔ
|
|
| tʰ
| tʰat
|
| tʰot
|
|
| tʰɛt
| tʰiɛt
|
| tʰɨt
| tʰit
|
|
|
| tʰiaʔ
|
| tʰɔʔ
|
|
| tʰuʔ
|
|
| l
| lat
|
| lot
|
|
| lɛt
| liɛt
|
| lɨt
| lit
|
|
| laʔ
| liaʔ
|
| lɔʔ
| liɔʔ
|
| luʔ
| liuʔ
|
| ts
| tsat
|
| tsot
|
|
| tsɛt
|
|
| tsɨt
|
|
|
| tsaʔ
|
|
| tsɔʔ
|
|
| tsuʔ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰat
|
| tsʰot
|
|
| tsʰɛt
|
|
| tsʰɨt
|
|
|
| tsʰaʔ
|
|
| tsʰɔʔ
|
|
| tsʰuʔ
|
|
| s
| sat
|
| sot
|
|
| sɛt
|
|
| sɨt
|
|
|
| saʔ
|
|
| sɔʔ
|
|
| suʔ
|
|
| tɕ
|
|
|
|
| tɕyot
|
| tɕiɛt
|
|
| tɕit
|
| tɕyt
|
| tɕiaʔ
|
|
| tɕiɔʔ
|
|
| tɕiuʔ
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰyot
|
| tɕʰiɛt
|
|
| tɕʰit
|
| tɕʰyt
|
| tɕʰiaʔ
|
|
| tɕʰiɔʔ
|
|
| tɕʰiuʔ
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
| ɲyot
|
| ɲiɛt
|
|
| ɲit
|
| ɲyt
|
| ɲiaʔ
|
|
| ɲiɔʔ
|
|
| ɲiuʔ
|
| ɕ
|
|
|
|
| ɕyot
|
| ɕiɛt
|
|
| ɕit
|
| ɕyt
|
| ɕiaʔ
|
|
| ɕiɔʔ
|
|
| ɕiuʔ
|
| k
| kat
| kuat
| kot
|
|
|
| kiɛt
| kuɛt
|
|
| kut
|
| kaʔ
|
| kuaʔ
| kɔʔ
|
| kuɔʔ
| kuʔ
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰat
| kʰuat
| kʰot
| kʰuot
|
|
| kʰiɛt
|
|
|
| kʰut
|
| kʰaʔ
|
| kʰuaʔ
| kʰɔʔ
|
| kʰuɔʔ
| kʰuʔ
|
|
| ŋ
| ŋat
|
| ŋot
|
|
|
| ŋiɛt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ŋɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| h
| hat
|
| hot
|
|
| hɛt
|
|
|
|
|
|
| haʔ
|
|
| hɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| ø
|
| uat
|
| uot
| yot
|
| iɛt
|
|
| it
| ut
| yt
|
|
|
|
| iɔʔ
|
| uʔ
|
|
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The Languages of China
The Sino-Tibetan Languages
Tone Sandhi