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Yangzhou Dialect Phonology
??????
Compiled and Edited by James Campbell
The onsets and rhymes are listed below.
Onsets:
p p? m f v
t t? l
ts ts? s
t? t?? ?
k k? x
?
Rhymes:
? i u y
a ia ua
? i? u?
? i? u?
? i?
o
?? i??
æ? iæ? uæ?
ie? ye?
uo?
?n u?n
i? y?
a? ia? ua?
o? io?
a? ia? ua?
æ? iæ? uæ?
?? i??
ie? ye?
?? i??
uo?
m?
|
|
ɿ
|
i
|
u
|
y
|
a
|
ia
|
ua
|
ɛ
|
iɛ
|
uɛ
|
ɪ
|
iɪ
|
uɪ
|
ɔ
|
iɪ
|
o
|
ɤɯ
|
iɤɯ
|
| p
|
| pi
| pu
|
| pa
| pia
|
| pɛ
|
|
| pɪ
|
|
| pɔ
| piɔ
| po
|
|
|
| pʰ
|
| pʰi
| pʰu
|
| pʰa
| pʰia
|
| pʰɛ
|
|
| pʰɪ
|
|
| pʰɔ
| pʰiɔ
| pʰo
|
|
|
| m
|
| mi
| mu
|
| ma
|
|
| mɛ
|
|
| mɪ
|
|
| mɔ
| miɔ
| mo
| mɤɯ
| miɤɯ
|
| f
|
|
| fu
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| fɪ
|
|
|
|
| fo
|
|
|
| t
|
| ti
| tu
|
| ta
| tia
|
| tɛ
|
|
|
| tiɪ
| tuɪ
| tɔ
| tiɔ
| to
| tɤɯ
| tiɤɯ
|
| tʰ
|
| tʰi
| tʰu
|
| tʰa
|
|
| tʰɛ
|
|
|
|
| tʰuɪ
| tʰɔ
| tʰiɔ
| tʰo
| tʰɤɯ
|
|
| l
|
| li
| lu
| ly
| la
| lia
|
| lɛ
| liɛ
|
|
| liɪ
| luɪ
| lɔ
| liɔ
| lo
| lɤɯ
| liɤɯ
|
| ts
| tsɿ
|
| tsu
|
| tsa
|
| tsua
| tsɛ
|
| uɛ
|
|
| tsuɪ
| tsɔ
|
| tso
| tsɤɯ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰɿ
|
| tsʰu
|
| tsʰa
|
|
| tsʰɛ
|
| tsʰuɛ
|
|
| tsʰuɪ
| tsʰɔ
|
| tsʰo
| tsʰɤɯ
|
|
| s
| sɿ
|
| su
|
| sa
|
| sua
| sɛ
|
| suɛ
|
|
| suɪ
| sɔ
|
| so
| sɤɯ
|
|
| tɕ
|
| tɕi
|
| tɕy
|
| tɕia
|
|
| tɕiɛ
|
|
| tɕiɪ
|
|
| tɕiɔ
|
|
| tɕiɤɯ
|
| tɕʰ
|
| tɕʰi
|
| tɕʰy
|
| tɕʰia
|
|
| tɕʰiɛ
|
|
| tɕʰiɪ
|
|
| tɕʰiɔ
|
|
| tɕʰiɤɯ
|
| ɕ
|
| ɕi
|
| ɕy
|
| ɕia
|
|
| ɕiɛ
|
|
| ɕiɪ
|
|
| ɕiɔ
|
|
| ɕiɤɯ
|
| k
|
|
| ku
|
| ka
|
| kua
| kɛ
|
| kuɛ
| kɪ
|
| kuɪ
| kɔ
|
| ko
| kɤɯ
|
|
| kʰ
|
|
| kʰu
|
| kʰa
| kʰa
| kʰua
| kʰɛ
|
| kʰuɛ
| kʰɪ
|
| kʰuɪ
| kʰɔ
|
| kʰo
| kʰɤɯ
|
|
| x
|
|
| xu
|
| xa
|
| xua
| xɛ
|
| xuɛ
|
|
| xuɪ
| xɔ
|
| xo
| xɤɯ
|
|
| ø
|
| i
| u
| y
| a
| ia
| ua
| ɛ
| iɛ
| uɛ
| ɪ
| iɪ
| uɪ
| ɔ
| iɔ
| o
| ɤɯ
| iɤɯ
|
|
|
æ̃
|
iæ̃
|
uæ̃
|
iẽ
|
yẽ
|
uõ
|
ən
|
uən
|
ø
|
iŋ
|
yŋ
|
aŋ
|
iaŋ
|
uaŋ
|
oŋ
|
ioŋ
|
| p
| pæ̃
|
|
| piẽ
|
| puõ
| pən
|
|
| piŋ
|
| paŋ
|
|
| poŋ
|
|
| pʰ
| pʰæ̃
|
|
| pʰiẽ
|
| pʰuõ
| pʰən
|
|
| pʰiŋ
|
| pʰaŋ
|
|
| pʰoŋ
|
|
| m
| mæ̃
|
|
| miẽ
|
| muõ
| mən
|
| m
| miŋ
|
| maŋ
|
|
| moŋ
|
|
| f
| fæ̃
|
|
|
|
|
| fən
|
|
|
|
| faŋ
|
|
| foŋ
|
|
| t
|
| tiæ̃
|
| tiẽ
|
| tuõ
| tən
|
|
| tiŋ
|
| taŋ
|
|
| toŋ
|
|
| tʰ
|
| tʰiæ̃
|
| tʰiẽ
|
| tʰuõ
| tʰən
|
|
| tʰiŋ
|
| tʰaŋ
|
|
| tʰoŋ
|
|
| l
|
| liæ̃
|
| liẽ
|
| luõ
| lən
|
|
| liŋ
|
| laŋ
| liaŋ
|
| loŋ
|
|
| ts
| tsæ̃
|
| tsuæ̃
|
|
| tsuõ
| tsən
| tsuən
|
|
|
| tsaŋ
|
| tsuaŋ
| tsoŋ
|
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰæ̃
|
|
|
|
| tsʰuõ
| tsʰən
| tsʰuən
|
|
|
| tsʰaŋ
|
| tsʰuaŋ
| tsʰoŋ
|
|
| s
| sæ̃
|
| suæ̃
|
|
| suõ
| sən
| suən
|
|
|
| saŋ
|
| suaŋ
| soŋ
|
|
| tɕ
| tɕæ̃
|
| tɕuæ̃
|
|
| tɕuõ
| tɕən
| tɕuən
|
|
|
| tɕaŋ
|
| tɕuaŋ
| tɕoŋ
|
|
| tɕʰ
|
|
|
| tɕʰiẽ
| tɕʰyẽ
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰiŋ
| tɕʰyŋ
|
| tɕʰiaŋ
|
|
| tɕʰioŋ
|
| ɕ
|
| ɕiæ̃
|
| ɕiẽ
| ɕyẽ
|
|
|
|
| ɕiŋ
| ɕyŋ
|
| ɕiaŋ
|
|
| ɕioŋ
|
| k
| kæ̃
|
| kuæ̃
|
|
| kuõ
| kən
| kuən
|
|
|
| kaŋ
|
| kuaŋ
| koŋ
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰæ̃
|
| kʰuæ̃
|
|
| kʰuõ
| kʰən
| kʰuən
|
|
|
| kʰaŋ
|
| kʰuaŋ
| kʰoŋ
|
|
| x
| xæ̃
|
| xuæ̃
|
|
| xuõ
| xən
| xuən
|
|
|
| xaŋ
|
| xuaŋ
| xoŋ
|
|
| ø
|
| iæ̃
| uæ̃
| iẽ
| yẽ
| uõ
| ən
| uən
|
| iŋ
| yŋ
| aŋ
| iaŋ
| uaŋ
| oŋ
| ioŋ
|
|
|
aʔ
|
iaʔ
|
uaʔ
|
æʔ
|
iæʔ
|
uæʔ
|
əʔ
|
uəʔ
|
ieʔ
|
yeʔ
|
ɔʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
uoʔ
|
| p
| paʔ
|
|
| pæʔ
|
|
| pəʔ
|
| pieʔ
|
| pɔʔ
|
| puoʔ
|
| pʰ
| pʰaʔ
|
|
| pʰæʔ
|
|
| pʰəʔ
|
| pʰieʔ
|
| pʰɔʔ
|
| pʰuoʔ
|
| m
| maʔ
|
|
|
|
|
| məʔ
|
| mieʔ
|
| mɔʔ
|
| muoʔ
|
| f
| faʔ
|
|
| fæʔ
|
|
| fəʔ
|
| fieʔ
|
| fɔʔ
|
| fuoʔ
|
| t
| taʔ
|
|
|
| tiæʔ
|
| təʔ
|
| tieʔ
|
| tɔʔ
|
| tuoʔ
|
| tʰ
| tʰaʔ
|
|
|
| tʰiæʔ
|
| tʰəʔ
|
| tʰieʔ
|
| tʰɔʔ
|
| tʰuoʔ
|
| l
| laʔ
| liaʔ
|
|
| liæʔ
|
| ləʔ
|
| lieʔ
|
| lɔʔ
|
| luoʔ
|
| ts
| tsaʔ
|
| tsuaʔ
| tsæʔ
|
| tsuæʔ
| tsəʔ
|
|
|
| tsɔʔ
|
| tsuoʔ
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰaʔ
|
| tsʰuaʔ
| tsʰæʔ
|
|
| tsʰəʔ
| tsʰuəʔ
|
|
| tsʰɔʔ
|
| tsʰuoʔ
|
| s
| saʔ
|
| suaʔ
| sæʔ
|
| suæʔ
| səʔ
|
|
|
| sɔʔ
|
| suoʔ
|
| tɕ
|
| tɕiaʔ
|
|
| tɕiæʔ
|
|
|
| tɕieʔ
| tɕyeʔ
|
| tɕiɔʔ
|
|
| tɕʰ
|
| tɕʰiaʔ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tɕʰieʔ
| tɕʰyeʔ
|
| tɕʰiɔʔ
|
|
| ɕ
|
| ɕiaʔ
|
|
| ɕiæʔ
|
|
|
| ɕieʔ
| ɕyeʔ
|
| ɕiɔʔ
|
|
| k
| kaʔ
|
| kuaʔ
| kæʔ
|
| kuæʔ
| kəʔ
| kuəʔ
|
|
| kɔʔ
|
|
|
| kʰ
| kʰaʔ
|
| kʰuaʔ
| kʰæʔ
|
| kʰuæʔ
| kʰəʔ
| kʰuəʔ
|
|
| kʰɔʔ
|
|
|
| x
| xaʔ
|
| xuaʔ
| xæʔ
|
| xuæʔ
| xəʔ
| xuəʔ
|
|
| xɔʔ
|
|
|
| ø
| aʔ
| iaʔ
| uaʔ
|
| iæʔ
| uæʔ
| əʔ
| uəʔ
| ieʔ
| yeʔ
| ɔʔ
| iɔʔ
|
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The Languages of China
The Sino-Tibetan Languages
Tone Sandhi